AP World History · Continuity and change
Which development after 1980 most directly renewed debates resembling Sukarno's concern that political independence could coexist with…
Sukarno at the Asian-African Conference, Bandung, 1955
Opening the Bandung Conference in 1955, Indonesian president Sukarno argued that colonialism had not disappeared with the end of formal imperial rule. He warned that control could persist through economic and intellectual dependence as well as direct political domination. He called for cooperation among Asian and African states while emphasizing sovereignty, peace, and opposition to colonialism.
Adapted from President Sukarno, opening address to the Asian-African Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, April 18, 1955.
Which development after 1980 most directly renewed debates resembling Sukarno's concern that political independence could coexist with external economic influence?
Answer and explanation
Answer: B: The expanding role of multinational corporations, international lending, and global financial institutions in developing economies
After 1980, multinational corporations, international lending, and global financial institutions played larger roles in developing economies, reviving arguments that formal sovereignty can coexist with outside economic influence, which echoes Sukarno. B is correct. Choice A is tempting because import substitution responded to dependency, but it was a policy of resistance, not the outside influence he feared. Choice C, regional trade agreements, can change dependence but is less direct. Choice D, diplomatic diversification, concerns alignment more than economic control.
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